Friday, June 5, 2020

Feel The Road

Let’s remember
Throughout our lives
We’re on our way
Toward death.
Each day we travel
Only a little
And think
We were always at rest
Like someone sleeping throughout
The journey on a train.
Let’s change this
Let’s take the travel
To somewhere else
Let’s settle someplace else.
From the streets spread on earth
Let’s carve paths as such
Where by merely walking
We make mornings
From nights,
Destinations
From paths.
Let’s not waste our wanderlust
Let’s not only breathe
And run out of it
Let this life
Feel the journey
Let the traveller
Feel the road
Let’s travel to life before
We meet death.
(The poet dedicates this poem to his father.)
Feel The Road was first published by Spark Magazine

Nothing Survives

Nothing Survives

NOTHING SURVIVES

Words leap over words
Trounce each other
Silence survives.
Time runs over time
Flatten each other
Memory survives.
Pages pile over pages
Bury each other
Reader survives.
Love wrestles with love
Trample each other
Nothing survives.
***
Photo by John-Mark Smith on Unsplash

Nothing Survives was first published by The Bangalore Review
http://bangalorereview.com/2019/05/nothing-survives/

Saturday, December 22, 2018

The Faucet

The Faucet

THE FAUCET

The faucet in our kitchen is getting old
I had touched it
When we came to see the apartment
The first one of our married life
The faucet had moved up and down and right and left
To converse with
The echo our words birthed
To give each other company
It coughed and spit
A few words in exchange
The heads turned to see and listen
Pleased by attention
The faucet began flowing
Weaving words and verses
Warm and cool together
The apartment awakened
Life flowing through its veins
Carried us into its heart
It is two years since we moved in
The water no longer is sweet
The words have become brackish
We both thought
Maybe it is time
Things, as us, age
Faucets in particular
Wear and tear of motion
Of moisture held within
From outside we fixed
Inexperienced as we were of inner workings
A faucet filter atop its lips
Now a switch governs
The sweetness of its water
A light blinks green
To ensure us that everything is fine
It seems fine
But when we withdraw to our beds
The silence sneaks in
The spaces between us
The water held within
The faucet’s lips, like words,
Fall, one by one
With a sound lulling us to sleep
and sometimes to think, if
The water within its lips
Is sweet or brackish
We wish it be as sweet
when nothing guarded
The faucet’s lips.
The Faucet was first published in The Bangalore Review
http://bangalorereview.com/2018/06/the-faucet/

Silver nanoparticles in clothing wash out – and may threaten human health and the environment

Humans have known since ancient times that silver kills or stops the growth of many microorganisms. Hippocrates, the father of medicine, is said to have used silver preparations for treating ulcers and healing wounds. Until the introduction of antibiotics in the 1940s, colloidal silver (tiny particles suspended in a liquid) was a mainstay for treating burns, infected wounds and ulcers. Silver is still used today in wound dressings, in creams and as a coating on medical devices.
Since the 1990s, manufacturers have added silver nanoparticles to numerous consumer products to enhance their antibacterial and anti-odor properties. Examples include clothes, towels, undergarments, socks, toothpaste and soft toys. Nanoparticles are ultra-small particles, ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers in diameter – too small to see even with a microscope. According to a widely cited database, about one-fourth of nanomaterial-based consumer products currently marketed in the United States contain nanosilver.
Korean toothpaste containing nanosilver. Alex Parlini, Project on Emerging NanotechnologiesCC BY-ND
Multiple studies have reported that nanosilver leaches out of textiles when they are laundered. Research also reveals that nanosilver may be toxic to humansand aquatic and marine organisms. Although it is widely used, little is understood about its fate or long-term toxic effects in the environment.
We are developing ways to convert this potential ecological crisis into an opportunity by recovering pure silver nanoparticles, which have many industrial applications, from laundry wastewater. In a recently published study, we describe a technique for silver recovery and discuss the key technical challenges. Our approach tackles this problem at the source – in this case, individual washing machines. We believe that this strategy has great promise for getting newly identified contaminants out of wastewater.

A textile silver lode

Use of nanosilver in consumer products has steadily risen in the past decade. The market share of silver-based textiles rose from 9 percent in 2004 to 25 percent in 2011.
Several investigators have measured the silver content of textiles and found values ranging from 0.009 to 21,600 milligrams of silver per kilogram of textile. Studies show that the amount of silver leached in the wash solution depends on many factors, including interactions between detergent and other chemicals and how silver is attached to the textiles.
In humans, exposure to silver can harm liver cells, skin and lungs. Prolonged exposure or exposure to a large dose can cause a condition called Argyria, in which the victim’s skin turns permanently bluish-gray.
Silver is toxic to many microbes and aquatic organisms, including zebra fishrainbow trout and zooplankton.
Toxic effects of silver nanoparticles on zebra fish embryos. Asharani et al., 2008.CC BY
Once silver goes down the drain and ends up at wastewater treatment plants, it can potentially harm bacterial treatment processes, making them less efficient, and foul treatment equipment. More than 90 percent of silver nanoparticles released in wastewater end up in nutrient-rich biosolids left over at the end of sewage treatment, which often are used on land as agricultural fertilizers.
This poses multiple risks. If plants take up silver from soil, they could concentrate it and introduce it into the food chain. It also can leach into groundwater or wash into rivers via rainstorms or erosion.

Treating laundry water at the source

Our research shows that the most efficient way to remove silver from wastewater is by treating it in the washing machine. At this point silver concentrations are relatively high, and silver is initially released from treated clothing in a chemical form that is feasible to recover.
Once laundry washwater is piped to wastewater treatment plants and mixed with with sewage and water from other sources, silver concentrations decrease significantly and can be converted into different chemical forms.
Deer Island Wastewater Treatment Plant, Boston, Massachusetts. Doc SearlsCC BY
A bit of chemistry is helpful here. Our recovery method employs a widely used chemistry process called ion exchange. Ions are atoms or molecules that have an electrical charge. In ion exchange, a solid and a liquid are brought together and exchange ions with each other.
For example, household soaps do not lather well in “hard” water, which contains high levels of ions such as magnesium and calcium. Many home water filters use ion exchange to “soften” the water, replacing those materials with other ions that do not affect its properties in the same way.
For this process to work, the ions that switch places must both be either positively or negatively charged. Nanosilver is initially released from textiles as silver ion, which is a cation – an ion with a positive charge (hence the plus sign in its chemical symbol, Ag+).
Even at the source, removing silver from washwater is challenging. Silver concentrations in the wash solution are relatively low compared to other cations, such as calcium, that could interfere with the removal process. Detergent chemistry complicates the picture further because some detergent components can potentially interact with silver.
To recover silver without picking up other chemicals, the recovery process must use materials that have a chemical affinity for silver. In a previous study, we described a potential solution: Using ion-exchange materials embedded with sulfur-based chemicals, which bind preferentially with silver.
In our new study, we passed washwater through an ion-exchange resin column and analyzed how each major detergent ingredient interacted with silver in the water and affected the resin’s ability to remove silver from the water. By manipulating process conditions such as pH, temperature and concentration of nonsilver cations, we were able to identify conditions that maximized silver recovery.
Schematic of the silver recovery process using ion-exchange resin. Tabish Nawaz
We found that pH and the levels of calcium ions (Ca2+) were critical factors. Higher levels of hydrogen or calcium ions bind up detergent ingredients and prevent them from interacting with silver ions, so the ion-exchange resin can remove the silver from the solution. We also found that some detergent ingredients – particularly bleaching and water-softening agents – made the ion-exchange resin work less efficiently. Depending on these conditions, we recovered between 20 percent and 99 percent of the silver in the washwater.
Our findings can spur research into alternative detergent formulations that improve silver recovery. They also show that ion-exchange technology can recover trace silver from washwater that contains high levels of detergent.

The future of wastewater treatment

Today wastewater is collected from multiple sources, such as homes and businesses, and piped over long distances to centralized wastewater treatment plants. But increasing evidence shows that these facilities are ill-equipped to keep newly identified contaminants out of the environment, since they use one common treatment scheme for many different waste streams.
We believe the future is in decentralized systems that can treat different types of wastewater with specific technologies designed specifically for the materials they contain. If wastewater from laundromats contains different contaminants than wastewater from restaurants, why treat them the same way?
Our approach is both more efficient and a more effective way to address new environmental problems – potentially through a step as simple as installing a specialized water treatment cartridge in your washing machine.
This article first appeared in The Conversation
https://theconversation.com/silver-nanoparticles-in-clothing-wash-out-and-may-threaten-human-health-and-the-environment-90309

Why natural gas is the cleanest option for fossil fuel guzzling India

In the end of April, the curtain came down on the second phase of the two-week long odd-even personal vehicle plying rule in Delhi. The policy received a warm welcome from the public when it was put to the test for the first time for 15 days this January, as Delhiites more or less enjoyed congestion-free intercity rides.
Invoking the odd-even rule is widely considered as a piece of crisis action that the government was prompted to take in the wake of, among other things, a World Health Organisation (WHO) report that named Delhi, from among 1,600 cities, as the world’s most polluted city. The high concentration of particulate matter—particularly smaller than 2.5 micron diameter (PM2.5), responsible for respiratory diseases—placed the National Capital Region (NCR) in this ignoble seat. This was in 2014. The latest WHO report (May 2016) gives policy-makers a breather: PM2.5 levels have improved marginally and Delhi, in this respect, has dropped to 11th position. Don’t pop the champagne corks yet. Because PM2.5 is still 12 times over the safety limit in the NCR.
The matter in question—the quality of air in Delhiites’ lungs—is not an issue that concerns only the government of the NCR or the central government. The plain truth is that it calls for close coordination between the Centre, the NCR and multiple state governments.
Take the case of the recent proposal by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) to relieve NCR’s choking rush-hour traffic. The NHAI recommends building link roads, flyovers and underpasses to de-congest the NCR. Now, since the NCR comprises of districts in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan—and part of its administration is in the hands of the central government—the political leadership in the NCR, participating states and the Centre would need to work hand-in-hand if this project is to take off.
NGOs, community groups, citizen journalists, environmental experts and public health specialists must keep vigil over exercises such as this to ensure the right balance between the citizens’ need for development and their right to clean air. Likewise, different administrative units must first hammer out an agreement before green regulations can be uniformly rolled out across the NCR, which includes slapping fines on violators (for example, builders who flout dust pollution norms at construction sites with impunity, users of old vehicles, etc).
The national Air Quality Index (AQI), launched by the government some time ago, is an important decision. This presents air quality values across 44 cities and 22 state capitals. The AQI score in respect of air in a city works as follows: Each pollutant is colour-coded based on its concentration in the air; the top pollutant (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, CO, O3) is identified; an overall AQI is assigned to the air in a city, which is the same as the top pollutant’s reading.
Government data has historically been cascaded to the public in spiritless and not-so-user-friendly formats. This is where AQI makes a difference. It presents real-time info on air quality in a simple five-colour-format that citizens can easily read and, based on this, plan their daily life (for example, stay indoors when pollution levels soar, pull on sneakers if the weather is looking up). The idea of giving the public cues around air quality and prompting action from them is indeed noteworthy.
More than a third of the capital city’s pollution load comes from dust. A dust management plan, which includes strict penalties for violators, is long overdue. About eight mechanised road sweepers were in operation in Delhi in June 2015; the city needs more numbers of these. Manual cleaning of roads and footpaths actually ends up “kicking up dust” and worsening pollution. In addition, it’s time India’s city administrators took steps to decentralise environment management protocols, which means even a small colony can have an air quality plan, with active participation by its residents.
Air contamination in India can also be traced back to the energy systems the country is saddled with. The answer for our policy-makers is not picking one source of energy over another. At various stages of economic growth, different energy sources have been useful and continue to be so. For instance, coal is going to be critical to the economy in the short term, and most particularly so, because extending electricity to every Indian is now the highest priority. Be that as it may, the country must start building alternatives for cutting back greenhouse emissions. In this aspect, India should, without a doubt, aggressively pursue opportunities in renewable energy.
Many of the recent policies lay stress on meeting the growing hunger for energy in rural India with solar power. However, the country cannot expect to electrify every single household using photovoltaic cells. The sheer magnitude of this sector calls for a multidimensional approach. The even-now-dominant biomass (firewood, agricultural waste and dry cattle dung), the traditional fuel in this part of the world, can’t just be wished away. Numerous technologies are now doing the rounds that enable more fuel-efficient, smoke-free and safer burning of these fuels. In the interim, large sections will move to such improvised and cleaner cook stoves. And even as they are at it, a lot of thought should go towards finding ways to bring cleaner and more mature fuels, such as biogas, within the reach of the larger masses. By doing so, energy experts can buy time, which they so badly need, to fully understand the economics and technology challenges associated with large-scale and distributed solar photovoltaic rollouts.
If India has to depend on fossil fuels, natural gas is by far the cleanest option. In the developed world, natural gas accounts for a quarter of electricity generation, whereas in India, we have only about 10% of thermal power generation capacity in the form of combined cycle gas generation turbines.
Using a mix of local and imported natural gas, the government is trying to put new life into gas-fired power stations that were idling away because of fuel shortage. This is proving a costly affair. With a view to improve the circulation of natural gas in India, policy-makers are intensifying the effort to find so far unexplored domestic natural gas deposits. This includes tapping about 63 trillion cubic feet of shale gas potential, hidden away within fine sedimentary rocks. But as a guaranteed base load capacity, natural gas will be essential in what will be potentially the world’s third largest power consumer. Therefore, natural gas can provide an assured stockpile of energy, and from this fortified position, India can tap further into its renewable energy sources.
By Tabish Nawaz
The author is a PhD fellow at University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, in
Environmental Engineering & Sciences
Views are personal
This article first appeared in The Financial Express
https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/why-natural-gas-is-the-cleanest-option-for-fossil-fuel-guzzling-india/281001/

Sunday, July 22, 2018

Hate: A Failure Of Imagination

When Meursault, the protagonist of Albert Camus’ The Stranger, killed an unknown Arab on a sweltering summer day in Algiers, many said that it was easier for him to do so, for he did not kill an individual but an Arab. It would have been harder had he knew only the victim’s name. And, perhaps due to this reason, he was condemned for not crying at his mother’s funeral. The murder remained a trivial affair, used as an evidence to chisel out a behavior pattern. Implicitly he was absolved of the murder. It can be deduced that the judge saw himself, the lawyer, including Meursault, not as individuals but as French people pitted against the Arabs at large - the classical binary of ‘us versus other’. It can be further said that the Arab was killed as an identity, and not by Meursault alone, but by a collective French identity.
Contrarily another pattern emerges, involving mass violence, where victims are duly asked for their names. If the introduction does not proffer much credibility, a more intimate inquiry initiates, of looking into private parts. Sometimes, the victim may be asked to recite some religious verses. Depending on the outcome life is taken or spared. However, the clinical approach, so designed, despite collecting so much individual details, does not rescue the individual out of its bag of identities. Rather, the examination precisely delivers victims as the others shorn of all other identities including one of humans.
The narrative of ‘the other’, like any other narrative, survives on story-telling. However, it involves a failure, if not lack, of imagination. In popular imagination, contours of the other’s cultural mores are hardened, with no recognition of their inner fluidity or outer intermingling. The other, though possessing speech, is often voiceless, for his or her words are already painted with meaning disregarding any inherent one whatsoever. The other’s behavior is always anticipated, as one does for adversaries during war, thus creating and sustaining a sense of hostility, and waiting for the first sign of flare up. Sometime, the flare up, as in The Stranger, can just be an intensely warm afternoon at a beach.
However, every otherness exists inseparably with its selfness. This not only creates both in each other’s image but also a relation of interdependency and passion. Denying this amount to denying one’s own self and thus the fulcrum of reality itself. Therefore, in a narrative where the self is pitted against the other, and not as self and other, loss of individual behavior is universal. One, without fail, begins to imagine oneself as belonging to sets of identities. These identities form a tightly wound fabric around the self, and mummify the individual. And, when even a single thread of it is pulled or accidentally touched, whole of the fabric vibrates. It entails rage. And, what is rage? If not, some poorly expressed unbearable grief.
 If only, We, both self and other, know to acknowledge each other’s sorrows, much of rage would be deflated of its destructiveness. If only we know that behind each identity lives an individual, a man or a woman, each different as snowflakes, each with its own way of laughing and living, it would be much harder to hate. If only we imagine a man or a woman carefully; if only the face, the freckles on the cheeks, uneven arrangement of the teeth, how the hair comes falling over the forehead, it would be impossible to hate. Hate is just a failure of imagination.

Thursday, September 29, 2016

Winter Came Early



Winter came in the morning. Actually, it came sometime around the midnight. He was sleeping then. Or, as he puts it - weaving his dreams. He often uses such poetical tricks, to force upon his thoughtful side, on few acquaintances he has. In reality he was busy sleeping then, recuperating from his day's work, preparing himself for an yet another day of patterned chores and timely activities.
Winter, may be because it was untimely, came furtively inside his room, through a narrow opening in the window. He intentionally keeps it open, to allow morning light to seep and invade his eyes, in case the alarm clock fails to maul his senses.
Winter began to gently caress his warm exposed flesh. A feeble shivering ran through his body. He forsook his half-woven dreams and hurled himself to awareness. It was dark then. Therefore, he failed to identify winter lurking, diffusing inside his room. He attributed his shivering to his poor diet and daily fatigue. He turned to the other side of the bed and slept shivering.
Winter was cold. It needed warmth. It clung to his body and began devouring its heat. It had sucked out heat even from thick mattresses and heavy wooden chairs. Beings such as these largely remain unimpressed and indifferent to usual winter's overtures.
Before the morning could come or the alarm clock would croak, his own sound of heavy breathing woke him up.
By that time winter, who came with a diffidence of a leper forcibly sent to a social gathering, had assumed the ownership of his house. It was whiplashing his exposed flesh, making him shiver every time.
Stooped and quivering, he went over to his window. He sensed the wintry air. Sudden arrival of winter confounded him, almost without meaning. He, however, did not insist for one. It was acceptable in his times. Pressing for meaning was taboo and, more importantly, childish. It was only sought to explain the simplest, safest phenomena.
He looked up in the sky, and quite strangely, looked into it, for nothing was up there. No moon, no stars. The sky seemed vaporous. He found it fleeing away.
He had known nothingness associated with the sky, of nights when he had stared above, nothingness had stared back at him, but now, wherever he looked, nothing returned his gaze, the sky simply moved away, revealing yet another shifting layer of nothingness, which avoided his stare as if ashamed of some untold conspiracy.
The sun too was late in its coming. And, when it did come, it lacked its youthful exuberance, probably the first time ever, showed signs of fatigue of the journey it daily makes to come at his window.
The subdued sun was disconcerting. He, vaguely, understood, by then, that winter has come. He now only needed a factual confirmation, may be a news report. Feeling of cold, though important, in his times, is inadequate, and can be dismissed, unless a piece of news approves it. Such feelings are even insufficient to prepare him for the coming winter, for it requires certain dresses, and unless everyone wears them, he would find them hard to put on. Still he can put them on during nights but in daylight he conforms to the prevailing behavior and manners. He often expresses this contradiction in his poetry. Once he wrote:
What darkness of night reveals
The deceptive daylight hides
Is a twenty-first century man
A time hidden from his times.
Some who understood had laughed, and some who did not, also laughed. For, in his times, laughter conveys understanding.
The shifting sky arrested his gaze and kept it motionless for a while, his eyes, reflecting nothingness, reflected sky. Two emptiness united by a conduit of vision. His reveries were broken by a series of burr sound. It emanated from his mobile phone. It was a weather alert. Winter was now confirmed. A foreboding took him over. However, it suddenly vanished, when the same mobile phone, owing to its design, wished him a wonderful Sunday morning. He stood motionless, recollecting his days, when he had no mobile phone, and how he used to reach his work place even on holidays, and used to return, somewhat relieved, on being revealed that the office is closed.
A thankful smile adorned his face. However, he was more thankful to winter, for its unforeseen kindness by choosing to come on a Sunday morning. Last year it caught him unaware, in the evening, while he was returning from the office. The next day his efficiency at work had gone down.
By coming on Sunday, winter gave him an opportunity to prepare for days ahead. He quickly opened his closet and took out all his woolen garments. They were musty and needed washing before being worn. He collected them in one bag. He collected all his other clothes for laundry. He forgot his shivering. He felt a surge of energy within him. Sunday was coming alive, as an idea, where man distances himself from his daily chores, prepares to groom his inner and outer worlds, pushing boredom away, making life interesting and bearable for the rest of week.
Winter also saved his few bucks on hair cut. He avoids hair cut during winters. He puts on a woolen cap to hide his growing hair. And, even if he removes his cap, prolonged wearing makes the hair flat and settled. Though he looks funny, but that's okay with him.
The saved money, although paltry, kept him indecisive for a while. He vacillated between purchasing old books from Mr. Cohen, who sells books in the downtown on Sundays, or getting himself a few pieces of fried chicken from Caesar's. The dilemma, as an assured indecisiveness, one associated with pleasure, remained on his face when he left for the launderette.

Winter Came Early first appeared in Flash Fiction Magazine (http://flashfictionmagazine.com/blog/2015/01/28/winter-came-early/)